Code-Switching, A Tool or Another Excuse?

 A Conceptual Research Paper

Author Name: Fatima Imran (English Language and Literature)

laureatefolks@gmail.com

Code-Switching, A Tool or Another Excuse?

 

Abstract

In Pakistan, people use a lot of English codes in their everyday speech and many English words have become a necessary part of our language as people are unable to find their Urdu alternates and find it easier to just use the English ones. As code-switching is an integral part of bilingualism when people code-switch between the languages they know for different reasons. This study is based on the empirical data collected from interviews of Pakistani celebrities and some common citizens, and it aims to show that code-switching can be more than just a random choice of a word or phrase, or sentence from another language. In Pakistan, code-switching occurs at the word level, phrase level, and sentence level, from which code-switching at word level is more common. In this paper, we discuss reasons for code-switching and how these reasons change with the literacy and social level of people which will be explained through the data taken from their interviews and the transcriptions.

1. Introduction

Code-switching is a result of bilingualism and bilingualism is the ability of an individual to speak more than one language. More than half of the world’s population is bilingual or multilingual, people learn different languages due to different reasons and in different conditions. Bilingualism further results in code-switching, code-mixing, and language borrowing. Code and switching are a "speed mixture" and a subject that has been present in literature from the nineteenth century (Espinosa, 1917), and this was cited by Ana Huerta-Macias and Elizabeth Quintero, 2001. Code-switching is the main focus of this paper and is a linguistic phenomenon where speakers change between two or more languages or between varieties of a language within a speech act or discourse (Albarillo. F.). it is a complex process in which people switch from one language to another and it mainly depends on their proficiency in the languages they know. These days code-switching is just as normal as speaking a single language, in fact for many people it is almost difficult to speak just one language without taking any kind of help from any other. code-switching is not a conscious process, but people unconsciously mix various languages and use words from the other language or languages they know. It can be random sometimes but, in this paper, we will examine if code-switching really is random or there is a purpose, or an assessment is done before speaking certain words or phrases from another language.

English is a language with high social status and just like other countries, in Pakistan, children are taught the English language from the very first day of their school. This makes most people in Pakistan know a lot of words from English, but we cannot say that most people in Pakistan are bilingual because to be bilingual one needs to be able to converse fluently in that language which they cannot. So, they are not bilinguals but they know a lot of words from English, they might not know the exact meanings but they know where to use them because they have listened to people using these words and they got the idea from the contexts these words are spoken in. people in Pakistan knows a lot about English language and even if they do not possess the ability to speak in English, they employ English words and phrases to give their discourse a touch of English that has social meaning (Iqbal Liaqat. (2011). Media, newspapers, books, social figures are all the ways English has penetrated too deep into our lives and our daily routines. It all started with the day Pakistan came into being as demonstrated by Rasul (2009: p:42) from the day of the foundation of Pakistan Urdu language was given the position of a national language, yet "certain components the common establishment, questionable issues of specialist language, and, wonderfulness factor affixed to English, industrialization and globalization-have added to the atmosphere of English with the rising of every first light". So, with English being this involved, code-switching is very common here but the question which we are going to try to answer is that why we code-switch.

Pakistan is a country with more than seventy languages spoken all over it and Urdu is its national language helping people to communicate with each other easily as almost everyone knows how to speak it. Code-switching is a source of creativity as when the national language, Urdu, and English, the symbol of power and the international language mix they create a special effect on the listener. Insertion of English items is more common in the speech of educated individuals of Pakistan and this is why in this research interviews of university students and Pakistani celebrities are taken into account. And we have chosen the interviews specifically where Urdu clauses have been used and where people have code-switched between English and Urdu, as these two languages are the focus of this paper.

In Pakistan, a lot of people consider code-switching as something negative and that it is caused due to not being proficient in one language. In this paper, this issue will also be touched as code-switching is not something negative but it is something just as normal as speaking one language, in fact, sometimes code-switching is necessary as when teachers are teaching some things to students, they need help from their mother tongue to explain the concepts in a better way and sometimes they need words, phrases and sentences from the second language too as not every concept is available in the mother tongue. Code-switching can indeed be a need a lot of times and this will be explained further in this article.

In this article we will investigate whether code-switching is just a random thing, people do it just because they know two languages and they just say whatever comes to their mind or there is some kind of assessment behind choosing which word or which phrase to use and which sentence to say and in which language. The second important that this study will discuss is how code-switching is not something to be considered negative and how it can be a need sometimes and serves a lot of purposes.

1.2. Research questions

Research questions are the main questions that we need to answer by conducting research, gathering data, and analyzing it. Research questions are the most important part of a study as the whole study is built around these questions and the researcher tries to base his/her study on them.

This study aims to answer the following research questions

·         Is it random that people code-switch or is it under certain conditions or circumstances that they feel the need to code-switch between two languages they have known?

·         What should be the proficiency level of a language where the person is fluent enough that he does not need code-switching as a tool to communicate effectively?

·         What are the conditions under which a person needs to code-switch even though he can perfectly deliver the message in one single language?

·         What are the circumstances where code-switching works as a tool and how often is it used?

1.3. Objectives

This research paper contains the following objectives

·         to highlight the importance of code-switching and along with it focuses on how many people considers code-switching as a tool while others think of it as an excuse which a person uses when he/she is not proficient enough in a single language, so they take help from the other language to completely deliver their message or to communicate properly. however, sometimes it has been seen that people code-switch out of habit rather than thinking first which word to use they just use it without thinking of using it as a tool.

·         With this study the readers will be able to see the gap there still is in research going on code-switching in Pakistan and the readers will know how under certain conditions code-switching is necessary and, in some places, it is just used as a habit. With our study, the gap is filled a bit on this topic of code-switching as a tool or not, in Pakistan.

·         To highlight the importance of code-switching and how it is not as simple a thing as it looks like but rather is a quite complicated phenomenon.

·         to provide a ground for the new researchers to take this study further and learn something from it and fill what this research lacks.

1.3. Significance

            This study aims to see the significance of code-switching and its use in Pakistan. This study is very important as it explores the language of everyday people and how they code-switch, sometimes consciously sometimes unconsciously. This research paper focuses n both sides of code-switching and tries to find a reason behind it which to this day is not known exactly.

English to Urdu and sometimes Urdu to English, mixing words of each language with the other without even waiting to think, is the phenomenon which this research paper tends to explore. And the present study is important because it shows no matter how random it looks there is still a pattern, although blurry but can be seen if focused more and from the right angle.

2. Literature review

A lot of work and research has been done on bilingualism and code-switching. A selective and brief review of that vast literature on code-switching has been given here. This literature review covers key points and studies to support the main research question of this paper.  The first thing to be discussed in this article is the need to code-switch and then the reasons behind people code-switching between different languages they know. Now according to Halmari (2004), code-switching is “the mixing of two or more languages within the same conversational episode.” (p.115). further, through different works, this literature review will show different researchers’ approaches to and works on code-switching (CS).

Albarello. F. (2018) has explored the use, choice, and preference of language over another one in academic libraries. He tried to find the patterns involved in code-switching in his research. And through qualitative and quantitative data collected he shows that code-switching can be an important part of an individual’s identity and social status, especially for immigrants. And just like that Behzad Anwar (2009) has shown in his study of code-switching that there are variations in English syntax too when spoken in a non-native context. As every language is to some extent under the influence of another, English is not an exceptional case and there are traces of Urdu on English in Pakistan and this is mainly due to code-switching.

Another important aspect to be studied in this article is the need for code-switching. One of our main research questions revolves around the reasons we need to code-switch between English and Urdu. Liaqat Iqbal (2011) in his research has shown how code-switching is just a natural, creative and innovative way of communicating between bilinguals in communities where people speak more than one language like Pakistan. Especially for the teachers in Pakistan, they have to code-switch to better interact with the students and many other reasons and he came to this conclusion by investigating code-switching on the basis of inter-sentential and intra-sentential levels in university teachers. And the same thing is discussed by Muhammed Fareed, Akhtar, Huma, and Hamna Khalid (2015) in their article they have discussed that code-switching is an inevitable linguistic phenomenon of bilingual or multilingual classrooms in Pakistan. Code-switching works as an effective teaching strategy that others. They investigated the reasons why teachers code-switch by conducting group interviews and their investigation revealed about fourteen reasons due to which teachers code-switch in their classrooms, which included lessening the anxiety, being more social, emphasizing certain points or giving examples, etc. but both the articles of Liaqat Iqbal and Muhammad Fareed have come to one point that code-switching must not be excessively used as it can have negative effects on the learning process.  Furthermore, Gulzar and Qadir (2010) recommend employing an interactive strategy like code-switching to be used by the teachers in bilingual communities.

Code-switching is a phenomenon to study topics involving language education and instructions and it is an effective strategy through which important pieces of information can be processed Nerghez (2011). Now the question of why do students or other common people in Pakistan code-switch. According to Shaista Jabeen (2018), one of the main reasons for everyone knowing English and using a lot of its words in everyday speech is the media. Through newspapers, television, and radio, media is mixing English codes in the Urdu language, which is almost subconscious, and, in their attempt, to convey their message in the best possible way, they are making people know more and use more English in their daily lives. And Iftikhar Ahmed, Misbah Afsheen, and Misbah Rosheen (2016) in their article on “Reasons and Contexts to Switch and Mix English Code by Pakistani Young Learners in their Native Speech: A Sociolinguistic Study” has shown how English code is not just mixed for instrumental purpose or other purposes but sometimes it is just out of habit, unconsciously and without any specific purpose in their minds. According to Güller Põnar Bilgin foreign language teachers use and utilize different strategies and different manners to teach English to their students and code-switching is the most important one of them. Cook (1991) says that when code-switching is used in a classroom it rather develops a balanced situation for both teachers and students and is more effective.

In this research paper, we will investigate whether code-switching is just a random choice of words, where people say whichever word comes to their mind first from the languages they know, and how different it is when the social level of the individuals is different. From the above-mentioned studies, one thing is clear that teachers need to code-switch and there are plenty of reasons for them to do it but do students and other persons need to code-switch too. Or is better to just use one language at a time and try to not code-switch at all?

3. Methodology

The nature of this research is qualitative. Data has been collected from interviews on YouTube of two types of people, who are most likely to code-switch without any specific reason or aim behind doing it: Pakistani television celebrities and university graduate and postgraduate students. The observational method has been used and interviews selected carefully, then observed and transcribed. We selected the interviews based on the reputation of universities and the interviews where the host was speaking more English than Urdu, which made the celebrities use English and mostly code-switch between English and Urdu. In this study, the focus is on people switching from Urdu to English and then back to Urdu in one single sentence or switching from English to Urdu and then back to English in a single sentence. This paper will investigate code-switching on the word or phrase level and try to find out what is the necessity for people to use one or two words in the whole sentence from another language. The focus is on different features including the noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase, adjective phrase, and conjunctions. In the following section, we will analyze the intra-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English at a word and phrasal level.

3.1. Data and Analysis

When a person tries communicating by using words of different languages in the same sentence, this phenomenon is called code-switching. In our research, we have taken the data to be observed and studies from interviews conducted for social media. The videos of these interviews are available on YouTube.

For our study, we have taken under investigation two groups of people in Pakistan. Bilingualism and code-switching are mostly possible for the educated class from which we have taken interviews of Pakistani television celebrities and university students. This paper presents a word and phrasal insertion in either English or Urdu language. Sometimes it is difficult to point out which language is serving as the matrix language.

The examples below illustrate code-switching on word and phrasal levels in Pakistani English and Urdu.

1.      “industry mein hit honey ka kya formula hai bhai?”

“What is the formula to be hit in the industry?”

This sentence is taken from the interview of Hina Altaf and as we see she has used industry and formula which both are nouns. Urdu equivalent of these nouns is not commonly used and the English words here better describe what she is trying to say.

2.      “Aisa jawaab dein ke hum controversian create kartay chalay jayn.”

“answer in a way that we keep creating controversies.”

Here the word controversian is more of an overgeneralization than code-switching but our focus is on the word create of which Urdu equivalent is used by a lot of people, pretty common actually but the host used the English alternative.

3.      “I wouldn’t say shararati.”

“I wouldn’t say naughty.”

This sentence has been used by Atif Aslam in one of his interviews. Here English serves more as the base and the word shararati has been taken from Urdu. The English alternative of shararati is just the same but using the native language gives it more informal and gives a touch of the culture too.

4.      “Walid meray civilian aur he was an exian.”

“my father was a civilian and he was an exian.”

Now here we see he has used civilian which is a noun and he was an exian which is an independent English phrase that has been used here.

5.      “Exactly, ab kiuyn ke mein wahan nahi rehta mein bohot miss karta hoon.”

Exactly, now that I do not live there, I miss it a lot.

We see he has used exactly, which is an adverb, and miss which is a verb. Urdu is the base here and words from English have been used in it.

6.      “I believe after one or two years, walid sahib ki posting Lahore hui.”

I believe after one or two years; father had his posting in Lahore.

In the above example, the speaker has switched from English to Urdu but then again when speaking Urdu, he uses the noun posting.

7.      “Basically, mein wo kitchen se uthata tha.”

Basically, I used to take it from the kitchen

The equivalent of a kitchen is not common at all in Pakistan so this noun is kind of mixed with Urdu and basically is the adverb used here instead of its alternative from Urdu.

8.      “believe me meri zindagi ka sab se mushkil interview tha.”

Believe me, it was my life’s toughest interview.

This sentence is taken from Mawra Hocane’s interview. She has used believe me to emphasize her point, which according to her might be better done in English, and then she has used the noun interview because the equivalent of interview is rarely used among people.

9.      “puray quarantine mein I’ve been at my house.”

The whole quarantine I’ve been at my house.

In the above-mentioned sentence, she has started her sentence Urdu which makes Urdu the matrix language but after that, she switches to English.

10.  “they always say ke hamara beta bara shehzada hai.”

They always say that our son is a prince.

Here she has used this phrase they always say in English and then switched to Urdu for the rest of the sentence. The only reason which can be seen for this switching is that it cannot be said in English the way it is said in Urdu.

11.  “Actually, kabhi kabhi kya hota hai ke even in my life in certain situations no matter how much you react it doesn’t change anything.”

Actually, sometimes this happens that, even in my life in certain situations no matter how much react it doesn’t change everything.

In this example, first, she used the adverb then switched to Urdu, and then the whole sentence in English. English is the base language here and the Urdu phrase has been inserted in it.

12.  “Abbu was like more angrez.”

Father was like more English.

This example is taken from an interview with Nadia Afgan. She has used nouns from English and code-switched them in Urdu. The nouns like abbu and angrez make more sense and deliver her message exactly the way she wants it to be delivered whereas their equivalent in English would not have made much sense.

13.  “it’s like hum log chaar roommates hein.”

It's like we are four roommates.

This example is taken from an interview with Mahira Khan. She has started her sentence with English, but the structure is of an Urdu sentence with English codes switched in. she has used noun roommates, and the phrase at the start it’s like in her sentence.

14.  “tease karne ke liay to parents kartay hein.”

To tease parents do it.

In this sentence, she has taken a noun and a verb from English and used them in her speech. Tease is the verb and parents is a noun used here.

15.  “Environment itna impressive nahi laga mujhe.”

Environment did not look that impressive to me.

This example has been taken from an interview of a student from COMSAT university in Pakistan. The sentence structure is more Urdu and a noun environment and an adjective impressive has been used in English.

16.  “overall life achi chal rahi hai.”

Overall life is going good.

This example has also been taken from another student of the same university and he has used an adjective overall and a noun life, but the base language is again more Urdu than English.

17.  “No doubt café bohot acha hai.”

No doubt café is really good.

In this example, the student has again given us more of an Urdu sentence structure than English and has used the noun café and the phrase no doubt in his sentence. The alternative of café in Urdu is not used commonly.

18.  “honestly, NUST ke students thoray se boring hein.”

Honestly, the students of NUST are a little boring.

This example has been taken from an interview of a student from NUST, a university in Pakistan.  He has used the adverb honestly and then the noun students and then the adjective boring. The base language is again Urdu and words from English have been used frequently.

19.  “one thing that is good ke mein comfortable feel karti hun.”

One thing that is good is that I feel comfortable.

This example has been taken from the interview of a student from IBA university and here she has code-switched from English to Urdu then English and Urdu again. The noun comfortable and the phrase one thing that is good and the verb feel has been used.

Many words from English are used in Urdu in Pakistan and many words from Urdu which people use when speaking English in Pakistan too.

3.2. Findings and Discussion

The data mentioned above, and the other gathered data showed that code-switching has become an essential and inevitable part of Pakistanis. It is observed that code-switching is mostly and mainly done on word level and then on phrase level. Sometimes people just switch from one language to another multiple times in a sentence like in the nineteenth example. Mostly used words from other languages are nouns as seen in examples three, four, and others too.

From this study and the examples, we can observe one very important thing. The celebrities mostly used English as their base language and used simple nouns and little phrases from Urdu like in example three where he said, “I wouldn’t say shararti.”  And in other examples too. And we know that these celebrities can efficiently speak both languages but they code-switch still because they know the audience who are watching them and they know that most of the audience will not know both languages so they use code-switching as a tool to engage with all the people who are watching them. But the students of the universities usually used Urdu as the base language and used words from English in their speech. The students used Udu as a base language because they do not have anyone to brag to or show how fluently they can speak English too. Both the students and the celebrities are bilinguals according to the definition of bilingual person which says, “to be a bilingual one needs to be able to converse fluently in more than one language”. The students and the celebrities both qualify as bilinguals knowing both English and Urdu then why do celebrities try to use more English than the students? The only answer is that they have to maintain their social reputation and impress the public, which can easily be done by speaking more English because English is the language of power in Pakistan. So, according to this finding code-switching for us is more of a tool but for students and common people, it is just a habit.

From the above research, one thing is cleared that there are times when people need to code-switch to their native language or from native language to English because many things can be explained in one language better than the other, but most people just code-switch randomly without even a need to and which was made clear by the students’ interviews especially. this can be to impress someone or to make other people know that they know more languages so many times it is just a random choice. And code-switching might be a random choice mostly but that does not make it a bad thing or something to be considered negative, in fact, it creates new styles and new ways to make people explain themselves.

The patterns that can be seen in code-switching are based on why the person is code-switching. Under certain conditions, code-switching is a random choice while other times it is not random but a tool used (like in the case of celebrities). People are usually proficient in both languages, but it is more a matter of choice and preference. And code-switching works as a tool under many circumstances like to show how much fluent you are in a language and sometimes to teach and sometimes when there are no alternate words.

4. Conclusion

This research looked for any patterns in the way people code-switch but due to lack of time a fully detailed study was not possible but through what the research covered showed how code-switching is indeed an important phenomenon, even though it is random mostly makes the speech of people more beautiful and creative. And that there is nothing like not being proficient in a language where code-switching is called an excuse but it is a beautiful process of mixing two languages and showing how both of them can be easily used with one another. Secondly, we have found out that people code-switches out of habit and there are words in English that have become a necessary part of Urdu in Pakistan. As it seems that from the very beginning of their lives they hear words of other languages, which most probably they do not know the literal meanings to, but through the context they know which word to use and when and this is how it becomes their habit. And that most code-switching is done on the word level where different adverbs, adjectives, verbs, and nouns are taken from one of the languages (English or Urdu) and inserted into the other. and thirdly, it is shown that even though lack of proficiency is a reason for code-switching sometimes, still it is nothing to be considered negative, instead, it is something that every bilingual does and sometimes is a necessity. Moreover, there are a lot of words in English of which there are no equivalents in the Urdu language, so, code-switching makes it easier for people to communicate and explain themselves. So as for the research questions, it is seen that people code-switch to communicate properly when they know that the other person will not understand or when they need to explain something related to the other language, or when there are no alternate words in the other language. People who know both languages and are fluent in both of them are seen to be code-switching a lot too, even though they can just use one language.

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