The Psychosocial Factors That Impact Mental Health With Reference To Pakistan
The Psychosocial Factors That Impact Mental Health With Reference To Pakistan
1 Wajiha
Malik 2 Dr. Muhammad Naeem
1 MS, Clinical
Psychology, BNU
2 Laureate Folks
International
ERC, PAKISTAN
https://laureatefolks.blogspot.com
laureatefolks@gmail.com,
WhatsApp: +923334446261
1. INTRODUCTION
Health is an important factor that
plays a part in a person’s life. Health in terms of physical or mental, it
affects us in many ways. It has a dual connection as when we are healthy by
physically our mind works at best and when we are healthy by mind, then our
body works more efficiently. So it’s a kind of dual connection which we say
that Mind-Body Duaism. Every healthy soul needs some food to grow and
for nourishment. So, for the human body, the important food is its own mental
health capacity. It refreshes the mind and in return, the body becomes more
productive. The environment plays a very important role in our lives. As in the
world of high conflicts and negativity, everyone is dealing with some mental health issues. Mental illness has been the dim mystery of families and
social orders. For a person to concede to it caused public disgrace. Many
people are now struggling to cope with stress. At long last, there are moves
afoot to redress this neglect. People who are concerned with mental health cannot
ignore social determinants because therein lies the prospect of improving
mental health and preventing mental illness. Damaging properties on fully-grown
mental illness initiate with hostile primary life practices and how social
determinants can take the role in leading us towards stress. In the world of globalization,
we see that the rate of unemployment, poverty, income inequality, violence,
sexual abuse, kidnapping increased. In Pakistan, a developing country, every fourth
person is suffering from mental health challenges. Mental illness is still a taboo in Pakistani Society. People are hardly aware of the mental issues
they face and they spend their whole lives in this bubble, and never try to
come out of this bubble. In Pakistani culture, people are not are of accepting
the existence of mental illnesses. Domestic violence runs everywhere in society, and traumatic events are an important factor that contributes to the
development of mental health challenges. Health care systems are responsible for
sorting out these issues differently in distinct countries. Pakistan is an
emerging nation and has been unsteady both truly and monetarily. Its
economy has been antagonistically influenced by chronicled threats, conflictual
issues, and wars (Blood, 1995).
The
main purpose of the study is to show the connection between mental health and
its social determinants, including social support, loneliness, work
environment, poverty, and domestic violence. For this aim, the study was conducted
to identify that how these factors contribute to society and affect our
mental health.
Key
Words: Mental health, psycho-social
determinants, poverty, domestic violence, work environment, Pakistan.
1.1
Mental Health
Keyes
(2012) expressed psychological wellness is a mix of passionate (enthusiastic
prosperity alludes to the acknowledgment of prosperity), (social prosperity
alludes to the compelling working of an individual locally), and mental prosperity
(mental prosperity alludes to compelling individual working).
1.2
Domestic Violence
Social
standards in Pakistan have given the spouse outright command over his
significant other, especially among the less instructed and those living in
country regions, giving him the right of social or aggressive behavior at home
(Ayyub, 2000).
1.3 Social Support
Social help is
particularly noteworthy for great physical and emotional wellness. Specialists
have investigated the manners by which social help might upgrade mental and
actual wellbeing. Social help is related to the beginning and backslides of
sorrow, negative treatment reaction to dysthymia, irregularity of the mindset
problem, and the presence of discouragement.
1.4
Hypothesis Development
·
There will be a
significant connection between mental health and poverty
·
There will be a
significant connection between mental health and domestic violence.
·
There will be a
significant connection between mental health and social support.
1.5
Research objectives
The
current study has the following objectives.
·
To identify the association
between mental health and social support.
·
To analyze the effect
of poverty on mental health.
·
To see the role of domestic
violence in increasing mental health problems.
1.6
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Social
support, poverty, domestic violence is independent variables while mental
health is a dependent variable.
2.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This
section outlines the background detailed evidence on the complications of
mental well-being difficulties and related issues within the Pakistani
community. It provides the relevant literature and highlights the existing gaps
within the research. It also offers a strong groundwork for the discussion of
the conclusions.
2.1 Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic
status is an aggregate sociological and monetary proportion of an individual or
family's financial and social position comparative with others, in light of
profit, instruction, and occupation. An investigation by Hudson.s (2005) suggested
a powerful sign that socioeconomic status has a straight affect on the growth of psychological
health difficulties.
2.2 Social support
Social
support plays an important part in the personality development of every
individual. People feel more confident and accomplished when they have strong
connections and bonds with others in the community. Research conducted by Rasmi
(2012) elicited that lack of warmth and social support from others contribute to
the development of depression, negativity, anxiety, and other related mental
health illness.
Another
research conducted by Kausar and Kazmi (2011) describes that the lack of
relationships with others at a societal level impacts our overall sense of
well-being.
Research by Zimmerman, (2012) elicited that low socialization affects our self-esteem.
And poor self-esteem in turn serves as a risk factor for mental health issues.
Self-esteem has an extensive impact on equally bodily and psychological health,
and consequently must be measured as a vital focus in health elevation.
Another
study by Dale (2000), shows that approval from friends and family in the form of
social support in areas of importance are the essential determinants of mental
health. Unconditional support especially from parents during the development
phase is vital. The individual with positive self-esteem scores low on mental
health issues. Low self-esteem leads towards negative, self-worth and
hopelessness which are the clear signs and symptoms of depression that in a result
affect a person’s mental health.
Exact
investigations show confidence is a significant mental variable contributing to
personal satisfaction, actual wellbeing, and psychological well-being for all
people, yet for college understudies, it is a critical component (Evans, 2007).
A few investigations have shown emotional prosperity altogether connects with
confidence, and high confidence shares a huge fluctuation in both satisfaction
and mental prosperity among college understudies (Zimmerman, 1999).
2.3 Domestic violence
Research by Lareau and Annette (2003) suggested that low pay have been
demonstrated to be a solid indicator of the scope of physical and emotional
well-being issues, because of social and ecological condition. Casual links
among socioeconomic status and physical health and mental health. Chronic
weakness and poor emotional well-being can diminish procuring potential,
through their consequences for training and work openings, while neediness
might prompt more unfortunate actual wellbeing, lower instructive achievement,
and psychological wellness issues (Case & Deaton, 2009).
Hudson.s
(2005) research gives solid proof that financial status straightforwardly
affects the improvement of psychological well-being issues as in a roundabout
way through its relationship with unfavorable social and monetary conditions
among the lower pay group. Emotional wellness is a fundamental mental component
concerning human turn of events and behavior. Emile Durkheim (1951) accentuated
the job of the social climate on paces of self-destruction.
Abusive
behavior at home as the incomparability taken advantage of by one grown-up
seeing someone control another isn't just a contention; however, the victimizer
utilizes physical and sexual viciousness, passionate offenses, and financial
disavowal against women. It is a worldwide issue, which is pervasive all
through countries, financial classes, societies, and races.
Explicit
to the Pakistani setting, the distinguished danger factors related to abusive
behavior at home against ladies were; ladies' low training and low
strengthening, miss ideas of Islamic reflections and standard standards, for
example, defending honor killing, and destitution and the predominant custom of
the unnecessary conventional share framework in the society.7 Extra review
announced parents in law, insubordination, and contentions with the spouse,
husbands' habit, additional conjugal connection, and fruitlessness as hazard
variables of aggressive behavior at home.
2.4 Poverty
The
current influx of brutality and hostility in Pakistani society is certainly not
a basic peculiarity. Troubling effects of abusive behavior at home are delimited
not entirely to authentic injuries, however; add to the infirmity of ladies and
powerless mental and enthusiastic prosperity. The youthful are more in danger
from destitution-related emotional well-being issues. Pakistan is as of now
home to the biggest level of youth in its set of experiences; making it the
second most youthful country in South Asia after Afghanistan.
Poverty
straightforwardly impacts how our minds work. To be sure, ebb and flow research
distinguishes a connection between destitution and discouraged intellectual
improvement in kids and young people. This influences memory, consideration, and
critical thinking yet additionally the capacity to adapt to persistent trauma.
Poor
emotional well-being (Tribe, R.2002, Murray, 2006; & Eiseman,1986) experienced
by individuals is a basic justification behind more broadly social and clinical
issues, including low levels of preparing achievement and work usefulness,
helpless local area union, significant degrees of actual chronic sickness,
untimely mortality, savagery, and relationship breakdown.
Individuals,
who experience destitution, the particular first thing for the duration of daily
existence or with a somewhat long period, are at risk for an enormous gathering
of threatening prosperity and developmental outcomes through their life (Lovibond
SH et al., 1995). Poverty in adolescence is linked to lesser school achievement;
further regrettable intellectual, conduct, and contemplation interrelated outcomes;
higher paces of misconduct, burdensome and tension issues; and complex paces of
pretty much every mental problem in old age. Neediness in middle age is allied
to burdensome issues, uneasiness problems, mental misery, and self-destruction.
Poverty impacts psychological wellness over a variety of societal and organic
components acting at dissimilar levels, together with people, families,
neighborhood networks, and countries.
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The following research model shows the
relationship between the variables of the study. There are three independent
variables (social support, poverty, and domestic violence) and one dependent
variable (mental health).
Figure 1.1:
The
study will be a descriptive survey of written articles and books regarding the
psychosocial factors on mental health. We will take data from different
websites. Many scholars presented their studies and research work on the
importance of mental health. Additionally, I will design this study in order to
know about public opinions. Questionnaires are always the best way to get
information from people around you. For conducting research, the researcher
will adopt a specific questionnaire for achieving the objective of the research. The
questionnaire will distribute among females randomly. The researcher will take
the sample of 100- 150 housewives for conducting research. After data
collection, the data will be analyzed on SPSS software. We will perform a
reliability test for measuring Cronbach’s alpha values. For checking the
relationship, we will use correlation analysis. The survey data will also
analyze frequencies, means, and standard deviations.
3.1
Research Design
It will be a quantitative research
design because the researcher aims to investigate the relationship among the
independent and dependent variables of the study. In quantitative research methods,
correlational analysis is best suited because it gives accurate and
consistent results.
3.2
Population and Sampling Procedure
The target population will be the
general population who will be randomly selected for data collection. For this
purpose, the researcher will send online google forms to the population by
using social media, platforms and collect data from the targeted population. It
will help the researcher further to obtain desired results by interpreting
the results and analyzing of data.
3.3
Sampling Technique
The researcher will use the
convenience sampling technique which means that the participants are easily
and conveniently available. This is one of the easiest sampling techniques. It
costs less. It will also save the time of the researcher because data will be
obtained from those who are easily available.
3.4
Unit of Analysis
The
unit of analysis will be online forms that obtain from the individual because
the aim of this study is to collect data from the targeted population on an individual
basis.
3.5
Sample Size
The
sample will be 100-150 participants.
3.6
Data Collection Methods
The
researcher will obtain the tool that is used in the previous researches to
collect and analyze the data on 5-point Likert Scale.
3.7
Data Collection Procedure
The
data will be collected from the housewives having the minimum qualification of
Matriculation level of degree and dealing from different forms of stress that
affect their mental health.
3.8
Data Analysis Software and Statistical Methods
Data
will be analyzed by using SPSS Software. There will be descriptive as well as
inferential statistics used to see results. This is the most consistent method
to be used for research design.
3.9
Expected Results
The
research is expected that the results drawn from the data analysis will be
showing the significant relationship between dependent and independent
variables of the current study.
3.10
Time Frame to complete Research Thesis
The
current research study will take 4-6 months.
REFERENCES
Corlett, S. (2016). The Social Determinants of
Mental Health. Edited by Michael T. Compton & Ruth S. Shim American Psychiatric Publishing. 2015.£ 38.00 (pb).
294 pp. ISBN 9781585624775. The
British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(2), 173-174.
Khalily, M. T. (2011). Mental health problems
in Pakistani society as a consequence of violence and trauma: a case for better integration of care. International
journal of integrated care, 11.
Hussain, H., Hussain, S., Zahra, S., &
Hussain, T. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence and its impacts on women’s mental health in
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pakistan
Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(4), 627.
Wynbrandt, J. (2009). A brief history
of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource
caravans and engaged settings. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 84(1),
116-122.
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