Recent Advances in Date Palm Tissue Culture and Mutagenesis

 Recent Advances in Date Palm Tissue Culture and Mutagenesis

Author Name: Mahnoor (Biotechnology)

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Abstract

Tissue culturing has shown to be an efficient approach for large-scale replication of vegetative propagated crops. Micro propagation method is used in tissue culture to promote fast proliferation of shoots (suckers) in date palms. To avoid soma clonal variations, it is necessary to choose genotype and define the maximum number of subcultures before initiating a new fresh culture. Somatic embryogenesis has a lot of benefits, and irradiation-induced mutations assist to avoid chimerism.

Introduction

The date palm, often known as the "tree of life," is a monocot tree whose female tree bears fruit after 3 to 5 years of age. Dates are nutrient-dense and are often utilized as animal feed. It takes 8 to 10 years for a date palm seedling to yield fruit. (true-to & 2006, n.d.). The growing demand for date fruit each year, as well as the long period it takes to yield fruit, has prompted scientists to look for new options that might compensate for these drawbacks. Date palm fruit is only produced by the female offspring. Propagation, explant initiation, explants subculture for proliferation, shot roots, and hardening are all phases in the micro propagation process. (Mohan Jain, 2001). To avoid soma clonal variation, the genotype and maximum number of subcultures to be utilized must be determined. The use of a heavy ion beam and gamma irradiation to induce mutations in fine somatic embryogenic cell suspension cultures has resulted in the avoidance of chimerism and the creation of mutant somatic embryos that germinate into mutated somatic seedlings. (Jain, 2005).

Why date palm Tissue culture

Date palm trees require a long time to yield fruit and are dioecious with heterozygotic traits, making sexual reproduction difficult. Half of the progeny are male and yield no fruit, and no technique to reduce male trees at an early stage of growth has yet been discovered. (Jain, S.M. and Ishii, K. (Eds.). 2003. Micropropagation... - Google Scholar, n.d.) Tissue culturing, organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis are the most widely used and appropriate methods for micro propagation and large-scale multiplication in horticulture and forestry, respectively.

Micro propagation

Date palms are propagated via cuttings from young palms and offshoots from axillary buds found on the stem. The newly discovered in vitro cloning method has the ability to create up to 60,000 clones from a single parent, and the palm can reach fruit bearing stage in just four years devised a technique for date palm somatic embryogenesis that resulted in no change in ploidy level, allowing for mass clonal proliferation for the first time. Micro propagation of date palms has a number of advantages, including huge and lucrative plants, early production, and healthy, high quantity and quality plants.

Culture medium

 Date palms are cultured using Murashige and Skoog's B5 medium. (Hadrami & Hadrami, 2009). By adding growth regulators, vitamins, and amino acids, we may change the content of the medium. Sucrose is a sugar that is used to promote somatic embryogenesis. (Muldoon & Kritchevsky, 1996) (Andlauer & Fürst, 2003). Polyethyl glycol can be added to the medium to aid in the growth and germination of somatic embryos. (Al-Khayri, 2001)(Parveez et al., 2000). For promoting somatic embryogenesis, cultivators like as Deglect Noor are employed. (Al-Khayri, 2010) (Mohan Jain, 2007). Explants such as meristematic tissues, zygotic embryos, and excised leaf pieces have been utilized to stimulate date palm in-vitro cultures.

Somatic embryogenesis

Somatic embryogenesis is favored because it permits an infinite number of plantlets to be produced. (Mohan Jain, 2007)(Al-Khayri, 2007). It saves money and allows for large-scale production. It also aids in the preservation of entire tissues at low temperatures and genetic modification. It enables for long-term storage. Somatic embryogenesis allows genetic material to be transformed. (Abohatem et al., 2011). The main restriction of somatic embryogenesis is induction of mutation.

Tissue culture

The main drawbacks of tissue culture in plant propagation include genetic inconsistency and soma clones, which can cause structural and form alterations, as well as impact growth and raise disease risk. (Khierallah & Bader, 2007) (Ibrahim et al., 2007). Plants propagated by this approach are significantly more expensive than plants propagated by other ways.

Mutagenesis

Mutagenesis is procedure of induction of mutations which can be induced impulsively or by other means like physically and chemically (Sghaier-Hammami et al., 2010)(Jain, 2005). The probabilities of spontaneous mutations are very low (Murashige & Skoog, 1962)(Naik & Al-Khayri, 2016). Induced mutations result in wanted characteristics like enhanced growth and disease confrontation(Cabrera-Ponce et al., 1996). Certain variations have been made by mutagenesis in date palm to make them resilient to certain diseases and to increase their yield.

Conclusion

Organogenesis and the somatic embryogenesis system, along with an active DNA-based retrieval mechanism for diagnostic and differential detection, are required. A typical technique to conduct this micro propagation has become genotype-dependent without the danger of genetic variation. By continuing to study comparable controlled drugs growing circumstances of the mother plant, it would be acceptable to add tissue culture genetic conditions.

 

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