“Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Olea europaea using response surface methodology” Komal Nawaz (Botany) Laureate Folks International laureatefolks@gmail.com , +923334446261 ABSTRACT: Plants contain numerous compounds that are responsible for their different properties like color, fragrance, and medicinal characteristics. Compounds are extracted and human beings used these compounds for different purposes. Determination of these chemicals depends upon the quantity, and quality of these extracted secondary metabolites from plants after the method of extraction. Microwave-assisted extraction is one of the methods for plant-based chemicals, which is fast, requires fewer amounts of solvent, and time. In the present study, phenolic and flavonoids will be extracted from fruits of Olea europaea that are being cultivated in Barani Agriculture and Research Institute Chakwal, Pakistan. Extraction will be done by using the Microwave-assisted extraction method. Indepe

                                     MOLECULAR MARKERS (Aid for Genetic Analysis) 1 Ms. Iqra Ahmad 2 Dr. Muhammad Naeem 1 Biochemistry 2 Business Administration Laureate Folks International https://laureatefolks.blogspot.com ; laureatefolks@gmail.com 1            Introduction Various genotypes have not been distinguished at the phenotypic level due to the low genome coverage and marker dominance. Initial work on biological markers to find genomic variations on animals was based on morphological and biochemical markers. According to Batley and Edwards (2009) weaknesses have been seen in both of these techniques over time. Morphological markers are dependent on age, limited to gender, and can be modified by the environmental influence whereas, biochemical markers have been reported to show a low degree of polymorphism (Batley & Edwards, 2009) . Molecular biology has become advanced to deal with such problems and has come up with various significant techniques to develop